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The Fish Hoek Valley is situated in the Cape Peninsula, eighteen miles south of Cape Town, South Africa. It takes its name from the town of Peak) on the north; Fish Hoek Bay and False Bay on the east; mountains (including Elsie's Peak, Rooikrans, and Slangkop) on the south; and Chapman's Bay and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. It is 13 kilometres from west to east, and between 3 and 6 kilometres from north to south. The valley has several rivers and lakes. The predominant vegetation type in this valley is endangered Hangklip Sand Fynbos. However, the sides of the valley are home to Cape Granite Fynbos, and Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos can be found higher up on the surrounding mountains. The latter two vegetation types (also both endangered) are endemic to the Cape Peninsula and can be found nowhere else in the world. 〔http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Pages/BrochuresBooklets.aspx〕 Fish Hoek Valley was once rural, but today it is largely covered by suburbs and townships such as Kommetjie, Ocean View, Noordhoek, The Lakes, Masiphumelele, Capri Village, Sunnydale, Sun Valley, Fish Hoek, and Clovelly. Some rural aspects have been preserved in the form of heritage areas and parts of the Table Mountain National Park. ==History== Pre-historic Many millennia ago, the valley was a channel separating two islands off the African mainland. By 20 000 years ago, the sea had receded, the channel and the isthmus separating the islands from the mainland had become dry land, and the islands had become a peninsula.〔MacPhee, D. & De Wit, M. (2003) ''How the Cape Got its Shape''.〕 By 10 000 BCE, pre-Bushman people were living in caves in the slopes lining the valley. Several of their skeletons, weapons and other artefacts were unearthed in Peers Cave on the north-eastern side of the valley, in 1927. The skeletons were named 'Fish Hoek Man'. By the first century AD 'Strandlopers' (Khoisan) were living on the slopes of Slangkop. A midden containing mussel, limpet and abalone shells, and various stone implements was uncovered there in 1972.〔Midgley, J.F. (1984). ''Kommetjie CP - Its Story''.〕 17th century The recorded history of the valley, and of South Africa as a whole, begins when the Dutch East India Company established a settlement at Table Bay, 28 kilometres north of the valley, in 1652. The Company regarded the whole of the Western Cape region as being under its jurisdiction, but in the early years its settlement remained confined to the northern peninsula. Its first venture into the southern peninsula is thought to have been in 1659, when troops combed the area in search of KhoiSan who had attacked the Company's settlement. In the early 1680s, the Company explored the mountains on the northern side of the valley for silver deposits. The mountain, and a river which flows down it, became known as 'Zilvermyn'. In 1687, Governor Simon van der Stel explored the area, and reported an abundance of wild birds and wild game roaming the area.〔Burman, J. (1977). ''The False Bay Story''.〕 Three years later, Van der Stel granted fishing and whaling rights at Visch Hoek on the eastern end of the valley — a community of fishermen and whalers developed there, and a building was erected. 18th century Permanent settlement of the valley began in 1743, when the Company established Simon's Bay, 3 kilometres south of Visch Hoek bay, as a winter anchorage. Governor-general Gustav van Imhoff granted three farms at the western end of the valley, probably to supply fesh produce to Simon's Bay. They were ''Slangkop'' ('Snake Peak'), ''De Goede Hoop'' ('Good Hope'), and ''Poespaskraal'' ('Hotch-potch kraal'). Half a century later, in 1797, when the colony was under British military occupation, a fourth farm was established, at Visch Hoek, but it was only on loan and the lease ended when the lessee died in 1808. 19th century When the Cape became a permanent British colony in 1814, the Royal Navy established a permanent base at Simon's Town, and governor Sir John Cradock established the southern part of the Peninsula as the Simon's Town magisterial district. The road through Visch Hoek to Simon's Town was rebuilt in 1815. Soon afterwards, two more farms were established, at the eastern end of the valley. In 1815, Governor Lord Charles Somerset granted a 112-hectare farm on the slopes of the Zilvermyn mountain - appropriately, the farm was named ''Zilvermyn''. In 1818, Somerset granted the 1528-hectare ''Visch Hoek'' property as a farm, on condition that the owner was not allowed to sell liquor. When Visch Hoek was subdivided in 1827, the 454-hectare portion north of the Zilvermyn river became a separate farm named ''Klein Tuin'' ('small garden'). Later, a farm named ''Brakkloof'' (or ''Brakke Kloof'') was granted between Visch Hoek and Poespaskraal. Farm names were changed from time to time. Slangkop also became known as 'Imhoff's Gift', De Goede Hoop as 'Noordhoek', and Poespaskraal as 'Sunnydale'. In 1855, a divisional council (comparable to a county council in England) was established to administer the Cape Division, i.e. the rural areas surrounding Cape Town. It administered the valley for the following 131 years, except during the years 1879 to 1888, when the Simon's Town magisterial district was a division with its own divisional council. Another farm was created in the late 1850s, when Slangkop / Imhoff's Gift was subdivided and the south-eastern portion became ''Ocean View''.〔 By the end of the 19th century, the south peninsula was well established. The railway line was extended from the seaside town of Kalk Bay through Visch Hoek to Simon's Town in 1890. When Kalk Bay was proclaimed a municipality in 1895, the farm Klein Tuin was included within its boundaries. 20th century Like the rest of the colony, the Simon's Town district was under martial law during 1901 and 1902, because of the Boer invasion of the colony. The first townships were established in the valley towards the end of the war. Kommetje Estates Ltd bought Slangkop farm in 1900 and established a seaside village named Kommetje. At the other end of the valley, G.W. MacIntyre bought Klein Tuin in 1902, renamed it 'Mayville', and established a small seaside suburb (which was later renamed 'Clovelly'). Parliament approved the construction of a branch railway line from Visch Hoek to Kommetje,〔Act 14 of 1903 (Cape Colony)〕 but it was never built. Eventually, ten years later, in 1913, the divisional council built Kommetje Road (now route M65), leading from Visch Hoek across the southern side of the valley, to Kommetje. The Kalk Bay municipality, including Mayville (Clovelly), was incorporated into the City of Cape Town in 1913, but the rest of the valley remained under the divisional council. During World War I, the Simon's Town district was under martial law to protect the naval base, and travel through the valley was hampered by military roadblocks. The German navy cruiser ''Möwe'' was seen in Chapman's Bay, off Slangkop, in 1916.〔 Two more townships were developed after the war. Visch Hoek (or 'Fish Hoek') farm was subdivided into a township in 1918, and grew rapidly. A local board was established in 1921, and a village management board in 1927. The prohibition against the sale of liquor imposed a century earlier still held good, and the town became well known for being the only 'dry' town in the country. Part of Noordhoek was subdivided for residential development in 1920.〔Annual Report of the Divisional Council of the Cape〕 Access to the western end of the valley was improved when the divisional council opened Chapman's Peak Drive (now part of route M6) in 1922, as part of a scenic motor route around the Peninsula.〔 Cape Estates Ltd bought the undeveloped part of Mayville in 1922, and established the Clovelly Country Club. Fish Hoek was proclaimed a municipality in 1940. German submarines were active in Cape waters during World War II. A military radar station was established on Slangkop, to monitor the ocean, and a small military camp named 'Cobra' was opened to house the personnel. Two German anti-ship mines washed up at Kommetjie — the navy dismantled one and detonated the other.〔 After the war, most of Sunnydale farm was subdivided into a residential township. The divisional council undertook considerable development in the valley during the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1960s, it developed a White residential township, named Sun Valley, on Brakkloof farm.,〔 and a Coloured township on Ocean View farm, to accommodate the communities which the government had forced to move out of Fish Hoek, Sunnydale, and Simon's Town under its apartheid system. In 1968, the council opened the 'Ou Kaapse Weg' ('Old Cape Road') (now route M64), leading from Sunnydale over the Silvermine mountain to Tokai.〔 In the 1970s, the council opened Soetwater caravan park (for Coloured holidaymakers), and Imhoff caravan park (for Whites) near Kommetjie.〔 Wildevoëlvlei sewage works were opened in 1977〔 Part of Sunnydale was developed into a residential township named ''Capri Village''. The divisional council was absorbed into the Western Cape Regional Services Council in 1986. In 1986, the Black residents of Dassenberg were forcibly evicted under the apartheid laws and re-settled at Khayalitsha. They were allowed to return to the valley in 1989, and a new settlement was established for them on part of Sunnydale — it was later named Masiphumelele ('we will succeed').〔Cole, J. 'Revolt a symptom of historical pain' in ''Cape Argus'' (8 August 2008)〕 Apartheid ended in 1994. In 1996, the valley was incorporated into the new South Peninsula Municipality, and Fish Hoek's municipality was dissolved. Four years later, the South Peninsula Municipality was incorporated into the City of Cape Town, which now administers the valley. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fish Hoek Valley」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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